Economics of reaching zero-dose children

Overview

Reaching zero-dose children—those who have not received any routine vaccines—remains a central priority under Gavi’s 6.0 strategy and the Immunization Agenda 2030. Achieving this goal requires not only identifying what works to reach missed communities, including those in migrant, displaced, and other vulnerable populations, but also knowing which strategies are efficient, context-appropriate, and sustainable within broader primary health care (PHC) systems. 

Despite growing operational experience under Gavi 5.0, a critical gap remains in economic evidence to guide decision-making. Given the evolved donor landscape and fiscally constrained setting in many low- and middle-income countries, it becomes increasingly important to ask:

  • What are the most cost-efficient ways to reach zero-dose children?
  • What mix of delivery strategies—routine services, outreach, campaigns, or integrated PHC approaches—delivers the best results in different settings?
  • What are the trade-offs between cost, coverage, and sustainability?
  • And critically, how can systems ensure that children not only receive a first dose of life-saving vaccine (e.g., Penta1), but are retained in the system to complete the full immunization schedule? 

To support resource allocation decisions around how best to reach, vaccinate, and retain zero-dose children across diverse settings, we have compiled the growing body of research, tools, and convenings material focused on answering these questions.  

Guidance and key resources

Guidance for estimating the financial and economic costs of interventions targeting zero-dose and under-immunized children in low- and middle-income countries.
This brief summarizes the evidence on the economics of reaching zero-dose children as of Agusust 2025, drawing on findings across 13 studies from 5 countries.

Co-developed by the Zero-Dose Costing Working Group, this document outlines a set of research principles for studies that aim to estimate the cost of reaching zero-dose children. 

In April 2024, key stakeholders working on or about to launch work on estimating the cost of reaching zero-dose children, came together to discuss methods, approaches, and challenges. View the meeting report and presentations.

Recent publications

Find here methodological guidance and research principles for costing zero-dose interventions; ongoing and completed studies estimating costs, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency across delivery approaches and context, and other recent publications on this topic

Webinars and presentations

Find here presentations and recordings from webinars, conferences, and range of knowledge-sharing activities, including the IHEA 2025 pre-congress

Other zero-dose economics news

Find here all other news related to the economics of reahcing zero-dose chidren, including job posting, grant opportunities, members profiles, and more

Submit your work

Any organization or individual working in the field of immunization economics can submit findings, opportunities, calls to action, or other relevant work below to be shared with our community.